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What is linux kernel9/25/2023 ![]() There are different kernel architecture designs. When a process requests a service from the kernel, it must invoke a system call, usually through a wrapper function. The kernel's interface is a low-level abstraction layer. Even in systems where the kernel is included in application address spaces, memory protection is used to prevent unauthorized applications from modifying the kernel. This separation prevents user data and kernel data from interfering with each other and causing instability and slowness, as well as preventing malfunctioning applications from affecting other applications or crashing the entire operating system. In contrast, application programs such as browsers, word processors, or audio or video players use a separate area of memory, user space. The kernel performs its tasks, such as running processes, managing hardware devices such as the hard disk, and handling interrupts, in this protected kernel space. The critical code of the kernel is usually loaded into a separate area of memory, which is protected from access by application software or other less critical parts of the operating system. It handles the rest of startup as well as memory, peripherals, and input/output (I/O) requests from software, translating them into data-processing instructions for the central processing unit. ![]() On most systems, the kernel is one of the first programs loaded on startup (after the bootloader). ![]() CPU & cache usage, file systems, and network sockets. I/O, memory, cryptography) via device drivers, arbitrates conflicts between processes concerning such resources, and optimizes the utilization of common resources e.g. A full kernel controls all hardware resources (e.g. It is the portion of the operating system code that is always resident in memory and facilitates interactions between hardware and software components. The kernel is a computer program at the core of a computer's operating system and generally has complete control over everything in the system. ![]() An oversimplification of how a kernel connects application software to the hardware of a computer For other uses, see Kernel (disambiguation) ยง Computing. "Kernel (computer science)" redirects here. ![]()
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